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Maybe America thought that in 2026 it could achieve in Iran what it had done in Iraq in 2003. When America attacked Iraq in 2003, it took only 26 days to destroy Saddam Hussein’s army. But there was also a person in Iran who had studied the Iraq War of 2003 closely and had decided that he would not let the Iranian government collapse like Saddam’s regime. That person was Major General Mohammad Ali Jafari, the former Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
On February 28, American and Israeli forces launched ‘Operation Epic Fury’. This was a large-scale ‘decapitation’ campaign to eliminate the top leadership, in which iran Fighter aircraft, drones and precision missiles were used to target the top command levels. Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, IRGC Commander-in-Chief Major General Mohammad Pakpur, Defense Minister Brigadier General Aziz Nasirzadeh, Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Lieutenant General Seyed Abdulrahim Mousavi and many top commanders were killed in these attacks.
According to a report by the ‘Institute for the Study of War’, the aim of these attacks was to completely destroy Iran’s command-and-control system and prevent retaliation. But, America and Israel The collapse that was expected never happened. Now almost two weeks have passed and a strong Iran is continuously carrying out attacks of its own free will, due to which the entire Middle East is engulfed in flames.
This became possible for Iran because Mohammad Ali Jafri had created the concept of ‘Decentralized Mosaic Defense’. It has been designed in such a way that even if Iran’s leadership is completely destroyed, it can still continue its fight. Under this, power is divided into several semi-independent units, which are capable of working on the basis of pre-decided plans.
Iran’s retaliation began almost immediately after the joint attacks on February 28. Within hours, ballistic missiles and drones launched massive attacks on US military bases in Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Kuwait and Jordan. On the other hand, the infrastructure within Israel and the allied countries of the Gulf region was also targeted. Neutral countries like Oman and Bahrain were also attacked. These attacks by Iran are still continuing.
In a post on X on March 1, Iran’s Foreign Minister Seyed Abbas Araghchi explained Iran’s defense strategy. He wrote, ‘We have had two decades to study the defeat of American forces in our immediate east and west. We have learned from him. The bombing of our capital has no effect on our ability to fight the war. Decentralized Mosaic Defense enables us to decide when and how the war will end. Araghchi further said that Iran’s military units had become ‘independent and somewhat isolated’ and were acting on the basis of predetermined general instructions.
The architect of Iran’s ‘decentralized mosaic defense’ is Major General Mohammad Ali Jafari, who spent years reshaping Iran’s military doctrine to ensure the country could continue fighting even after losing its top leadership. The Mosaic Theory may not make Iran victorious, but it makes its defeat impossible.
Who is Major General Mohammad Ali Jafri?
According to a 2013 report by the RAND organization, General Jafari is an Iranian military officer who began his career in an intelligence unit in the IRGC after the Islamic Revolution. This unit was working in the Kurdistan province of Iran. The Islamic Revolution had removed the Pahlavi dynasty from power.
Jafari fought in the Iran–Iraq War, which lasted from 1979 to 1989. During this time, he gradually climbed up the ranks. After the war, in 1992 he was appointed overall commander of the IRGC’s ground forces. Besides, he was also made the head of ‘Sarallah’, which was a special unit of IRGC and which was responsible for the defense of Iran.
In 2005, he was made director of the IRGC’s Center for Strategic Studies. According to a report by the US Institute of Peace, during his tenure as director, Jafari worked on drafting Iran’s ‘Mosaic Doctrine’. To formulate this theory, he studied the Iran-Iraq war and the 2003 attacks on Iraq by the US-led military coalition under ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’.
Subsequently, in 2007 he was made Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC, and spent his tenure implementing the ‘Mosaic Defense Doctrine’, which now shows Iran’s resilience in the face of US and Israeli attacks.
What was learned from the mosaic theory?
According to a 2010 report by the US Institute of Peace, Iran’s ‘Mosaic Defense Doctrine’ is based on the country’s experience in the Iran–Iraq War as well as lessons learned from the 2003 US invasion of Iraq.
The Iran–Iraq War was, by all accounts, a long and exhausting war, in which Iraqi forces launched ground attacks on Iran, chemical attacks on Iranian troops, and missile attacks on Iranian cities. In response, Iran retaliated with massive ‘human wave’ attacks on Iraqi forces. Especially through the ‘Basij’ militia forces completely dedicated to their ideology and mobilized on a large scale.
According to the Institute of Peace, this allowed Iran to suffer casualties and trapped the stronger Iraqi forces in a stalemate that they could not break. This technique of averting defeat by inflicting prolonged damage against a superior attacking force is a main basis of the ‘Mosaic Doctrine’.
Jafri had also closely studied the 2003 US attack on Iraq. According to a report by the RAND organization, in 2003 Iraqi forces were paralyzed by a command structure that was too centralized around Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. According to the report, this left regular Iraqi Army and Republican Guard troops unable to coordinate with each other, while division and corps level officers could not conduct even basic military exercises without Saddam’s approval.
As a result, Iraqi forces, unable to act on their own, failed to properly respond to the US-led coalition’s offensive. This attack completely eliminated all resistance on the way towards Baghdad. A 2010 report suggested that the rapid defeat of Saddam Hussein’s government made Jafari and other Iranian officials realize how important it was to ensure that the IRGC and the regular Iranian Armed Forces (IAF) could operate independently without interference, and would not disintegrate if contact with the high command was lost.
What is Mohammad Ali Jafri’s ‘Mosaic Theory’?
According to the RAND organization, Iran’s ‘Mosaic Theory’ was first formulated in 2005. At that time, Jafari was the director of the IRGC’s Center for Strategic Studies. He identified two major threats to the Ayatollahs’ authority: first, any foreign attempt to instigate a ‘soft revolution’ by supporting Iranian NGOs and activists, and second, a US military attack that could overthrow the regime.
Iran began implementing this principle as early as 2005, and the process gained further momentum after Jafari was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC in 2007. A 2010 report by the US Institute of Peace also confirms this. The report said: ‘In 2005, the IRGC announced that it was incorporating a flexible and multi-layered defense system into its strategy, dubbed ‘Mosaic Defence’. The main architect of this plan was General Mohammad Jafari, who was at that time the director of the IRGC’s ‘Center for Strategic Studies’, who was later appointed the commander of the IRGC.
According to a report by the Sufan Centre, the ‘Mosaic Doctrine’ strategy emphasized multi-tiered and decentralized defense systems. Its objective was to take advantage of Iran’s geographical features, such as its rugged mountains, vast hinterland, and widely dispersed population centers, to provide a long-term defense against more powerful invaders.
The most important and new aspect of this doctrine was that the IRGC was reorganized and divided into 31 semi-autonomous provincial commands. Each command operates as an independent unit, with its own headquarters, command and control centre, missile and drone arsenal, ‘Basij’ combat units, quick strike naval fleet, intelligence resources, stockpiled ammunition and pre-programmed special powers to respond to emergency situations.
After taking command of the IRGC in 2007, Jafari oversaw the process of fully implementing this doctrine. He fully integrated the ‘Basij’ fighters into the IRGC and further strengthened the ‘asymmetric capabilities’ of the war.
This process of decentralization had the approval of the then Supreme Leader Khamenei. Under this, local commanders have been given complete freedom of action to accomplish broader objectives, so that they do not need real-time intervention or monitoring from the top leadership at every step. This is reminiscent of mission-based strategies. Such as the German ‘Auftragstaktik’ principle. According to research by the US Naval Institute, this principle gives freedom to subordinate officers to take action as per their understanding.
How is the ‘Mosaic Theory’ working in 2026?
Iran has named the US-Israeli attacks as ‘Ramadan War’. In this, the ‘mosaic principle’ has been seen working exactly as it was designed. Despite Iran’s religious and military leadership being completely destroyed in the early hours of the war on 28 February, the country’s 31 autonomous military commands responded within hours. They targeted US and Israeli military assets as well as civilian infrastructure such as airports, oil refineries and terminals, desalination plants. These attacks were carried out in different Gulf countries – UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman.
“Each province is a ‘mosaic’, and commanders have the ability and power to make decisions,” Farzin Nadimi, a defense expert at the Washington Institute, explained to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty on March 3. Therefore, even when they are cut off from their main command in Tehran, they are still able to operate as a cohesive military force.’ This capability has made Iran’s frequent missile and drone attacks possible, and has helped escalate conflict at the regional level despite the removal of its top leadership.
Australia-based writer Shanaka Anselm Pereira wrote on X, ‘Iran is not on a suicide mission. It is running on ‘autopilot’ mode. He further said that ‘the mosaic theory was not designed to win. It was designed to make defeat impossible. Jafri had studied how centralized armies collapse. He created an army that can never be destroyed.
Although the ideological fervor of the IRGC and Tehran’s vast stockpile of missile-drones strengthen its resilience, it was Jafari’s ‘mosaic theory’, derived from Iran’s experiences during the war with Iraq and Iraq’s defeat in 2003, that provided Iran with a deliberately adopted, ‘hydra-like’ resilience. This doctrine forced opponents to engage in a costly and protracted conflict, rather than a victory. This principle ensures that Iran can never lose.
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